Wednesday, April 1, 2015

Brief history of ancient Egypt

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• Since 250 thousand years BC. In prehistoric times, Egypt was home to primitive man, who was hunting the animals, where the area is in the far south of the Nuba in the rich grass.
• Since 25 thousand years BC. This area exposed to a halt desertification rainfall, creating agricultural communities in Egypt, Central and Delta Bachammal.oukamt first Egyptian civilization in the region of Badari level is based on agriculture, fishing and breeding birds, livestock, pottery and mining.
• In the year 4000 BC. Irrigation systems have emerged Egypt became a small tribal kingdoms and the Upper White symbolizes his crown and Lower Red symbolizes his crown and King Menes united the two countries from the South since the year 3200 BC and made the capital of Memphis (Memphis). This unification made Egypt a safe country and its capital, Memphis, making it the cornerstone of human civilization and the first of the undisputed and this is evident through the many records that kept them dry climate message to be reserved through successive times, and the inscription on the walls of the great Owabdha Maketb Haley and papyrus.
A precise date installed to march this nation through the ages and centuries, we find, such as that written by Manitou in the Ptolemaic era:
• divide the history of Egypt for thirty families until the entry of Alexander the Great and Egypt this date when the gaps overlooked by many periods of the rulers of Egypt. See: Manitou.
• Under the ruler of Egypt makes it divinity since the unification of Musraam 3200 years BC. Even Egypt, the Romans called it the title of Pharaoh.
• 2772 BC. M. The Egyptians knew that calendar year 365 days.
• 2700 BC. King Djoser pyramid constructed runway.
• 2560 BC. King Khufu built the Great Pyramid, which has been the highest building in the world until the 19th century.
• 2050 BC has become a good during the Middle Kingdom, the capital of Egypt.
• 2000 BC. Egypt tamed cats to hunt snakes and progress in astronomy and forecasting Amied flood.
• 1786 BC. Hyksos who came to Egypt as traders and action in the troubled former century, occupying the north of Egypt and yet advance the horse and the wheel and the strong influence because of internal problems in Egypt.
• 1600 BC. Revolution against the Hyksos in Upper Egypt spread all over Egypt.
• 1560 BC. Ahmose expelled the Hyksos and the rest of the Asian tribes, the founder of modern Egypt and became a colonial state has introduced the arts Hyksos war in the army and reached the Upper Euphrates.
• 1560 - 1259 BC out of Moses and the Jews with the remnants of the Hyksos from Egypt and Asians.
• 1500 BC. Use the sweep.
• 1375 BC. Call monotheism of Akhenaten and moved the capital from Thebes to Tel el-Amarna and the prevention of sun worship.
• 750 BC. King Kashta king of Nubia and Egypt seizes become the Pharaoh.
• 671 BC. Assyrians defeated Egypt.
• 661 BC. Assyrian empire shrink and become independent Egypt for a century.
• 525 BC. Persians invade Egypt and ruled it for the year 405 BC.
• 343 BC. Persians ruled Egypt again until 332 BC.
• 332 BC. Alexander the Great invades Egypt and founded Alexandria.
• 305 BC. The beginning of the rule of the Ptolemies.
• 30 BC. Cleopatra commits suicide - the end of the rule of the Ptolemies and the beginning of Roman rule.
• 330 AD Byzantine rule of Roman Egypt.
• 639 AD introduction of Islam in Egypt after 20 years of his appearance in Mecca.
History

The civilization of the ancient Egyptians were not civilized slip at the age of time. Because of their civilization was unique Basmadtha civilization and achievements huge and originality. This is what gave it the credibility of originality among all civilizations. Or making it the undisputed world civilizations. This is more Mkutha and impressed and famous among ancient civilizations. The civilization of the ancient Egyptians The Ancient Egyptians Civilization along the Nile River in northeastern Africa since the year 5000 BC. To the year 30 BC. . The longest civilization Asnmraria the old world, and the ancient Egyptian civilization mean in terms of geography that civilization which originated the valley and the Nile Delta, where he lived the ancient Egyptians. It is the cultural aspect refers to language and worship, customs and organization of their lives and life management and administrative affairs and their conception of the nature around them and their dealings with their neighbors.
The Nile River, which is the ancient Egyptian civilization Npa over the hills of eastern Africa and Abyssinia headwaters of the Nile in southern Sudan, heading north from Sudan to Egypt for the flood comes every year to Aave soil silt. This phenomenon is natural flood Egypt's economy has made a renewed sleep dependent mainly on agriculture. It helped the emergence of civilization is also the sky is free of clouds and sunshine supervising almost throughout the year to extend the ancient Egyptians Ieddfou and light. Egypt is also protected from neighbors, West Sahara and the sea from the north and east and the presence of waterfalls (cataract) south of heart on the Nile to the ground, making it almost deserted. In this land back two of the Seven Wonders. They are the pyramids of Giza and the Lighthouse of Alexandria. The plant was the oldest archaeological site of heart. It was 6,000 years ago pastoral area by the summer rains fall graze their cattle until 4899 years ago when it rains receded. Discovered the stone circles has made the region Scanbh communities, including the village was 18 well water supplies under the surface of the tiles to build a large Mijuleci is a statue of a cow sculpture of a large rock. The village consists of 18 beta. And the cemetery where many of the cattle were found in their rooms from the mud. This indicates that the population they worship cows. Stoves were found and used. The bones of deer and hares and pottery sherds and decorated ostrich eggs peel. But there is no landfill waste or human plant. This indicates that the nomads were free to come and plant every summer, where water and pasture. And marriage, trade and the establishment of religious rituals.
In the field of astronomy, we find that the ancient Egyptians had set up the oldest observatory in the world, and before the era of building the pyramids since the period of time by the sun and stars, where they set up gravestones Mijalithat Megaliths. It is a circle of stone erected since 7000 years in the southern desert of Egypt. Almijalathat before the establishment of sites in England, Britain and Europe a thousand years as a famous Stonehenge.
Plant site was discovered several years ago and consists of a small stone circle. With the bones of cattle and five diagonal lines of stones and tiles Ahadjrbp disclosed tilted about a mile from the site and some rise 9 feet. Each slab buried soil over a flat rock. This site is heading the four cardinal points of the sets of solar moderation. And the site of the small stone circle bones of cattle and five lines of Mijulithat tilted. This was the site was built on the shore of Lake congregate in rain water in summer time. Where cattle were driven to the plant in the Neolithic period since 10 thousand years. The nomadic herders come to in the rainy season, even years since 4800, where the monsoon receded towards southern Gulab to become barren region. This was a small circle 12 feet in diameter with four sets of tiles menu where you can see the horizon. The two Tottagha the north and the south and the other two groups Tottagha Horizon Solar Equinox Summer hand. And their descendants after 2000 years have been displaced and the Nile Valley's and established the ancient Egyptian civilization, especially after Oagafrat this pastoral region and climate change. They settled in 4000 BC. Upper Egypt, especially in the old and Nakada Nejn and Abydos (see: Badari). This spatial stability and creativity while making the ancient Egyptian civilization and Mdnithm on their land. Creating science and literature, traditions and customs, literature and stories and myths and left after them mural recordings and manuscripts on papyrus rooting for this innovative civilization. Vcedoa Kalohramat large buildings, temples and cemeteries that have defied time. In addition to manuscripts, drawings, engravings and color images, which remained until today.
They were treated papyrus to make it the kind Atmarh and wrote the history, science, customs and traditions to be a message to their grandchildren and the world. They write it in the hieroglyphic writing of a graphic symbol which reflects the image are known. And concepts invented in the account and studied engineering, medicine, dentistry and worked with the calendar according to their observations of the sun and stars. Although the ancient Egyptians worshiped many gods, but the call divine unification appeared at the hands of King Akhenaten *** of ideological. They are also the first to Souroaptda doctrine of life in the Hereafter. These concepts were not found at other peoples. And built tombs decorated and ornate Ptothitha have to live the life eternal. Egypt was the superpower world was the old political influence often extends his influence to neighboring countries in east Asia and west Africa. And south of heart and Puntland, Somalia. The ancient Egyptians call their land Kemet Kimmitt any black land because the Nile silt and supplies it was also called Dichert Deshret any red earth reference to the color of the desert sands Bhaalta burn in the sun. The abundance of the flood water has made them Avemun network of irrigation, agriculture and manufactured boat traffic, transport and fishing river. And gave them the land of precious metals such as gold, silver, copper and gems. They exchange goods with neighboring countries. The history of Egypt we find start since 8000 BC. In southeastern Egypt area at the north-eastern border with Sudan. The people came to her sponsors and this area was the area where he was attracted by the sensitivity of the plains for grazing and climate was hospitable and the lakes of seasonal rainfall. The monuments show that they were settlers there caring for livestock. They left after them huge buildings in the year 6000 BC.
Agriculture began in the town of Badari six since 5000 BC The Fayoum settlers before planting Badari thousand years. The city of Mermaid Delta on its western border since 4500 BC. In the city of Bhutto pottery decorated pottery is different from the model in Upper Egypt industry emerged. There was a difference between the ancient Egyptians between Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt in the faith and way of burying the dead and architecture .ujae King Menes in 3100 BC. And united the two countries (Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt). He was put on his head Thrones white symbolizes the face of the tribal and the Red Sea to the face. And make King Menes of Memphis Memphis consolidated capital and was located west of the Nile at Giza and Abydos royal tomb, which moved to Saqqara during the era of the Old Kingdom. See the pyramids. The population of Egypt before the dynastic era (5000 BC. --3 000 BC.) Is currently only hundreds of thousands during the Old Kingdom (2575 BC. --2 134 BC) numbered two million people and during the Middle Kingdom (2040 BC - 1640 BC), and the number has increased during the New Kingdom (1550 BC --1 070 BC) Aladdinm reached 3-4 million. In the Hellenistic era (332 BC Q.m.- 30) reached number seven million people. Egypt and then entered the Roman era. The Egyptians adjacent river. Agricultural community because they were executing a good and important when they were each other's capital. And education and writing was independent in ancient Egypt and the limited writing and reading between the small proportion of the ruling elite or clerks in the administrative apparatus. The sons of the royal family and the ruling elite learn to minors. The rest of the people were learning in schools or temples Mounzul. The girls' education was limited to writing and reading at home. The teachers were strict and use multiplication. The callus school to learn to read and write and write letters and other texts. The manuscripts were kept in the house of life, a house conservation in each temple, and like the library .okan educated in ancient Egypt were studying arithmetic, geometry and fractions, collection and medicine. I found books in internal medicine, surgery and treatment, pharmaceutical and veterinary dentistry. And copy all books, including literature and religious texts.
The Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799 during the French campaign and has been carved in 196 BC. Accordingly, three languages ​​and hieroglyphic Aldemutkip (Coptic and are intended to modern language to the ancient Egyptians) and Greek. It was the time of discovery of the mystery of language Aevsr hundreds of years ago. Because the first two languages ​​were at the time of the dead languages. Until the French scientist Jean-Francois Champollion and interpreted these languages ​​after matching them with the Greek and hieroglyphic texts again. This indicates that these languages ​​were prevalent during the rule of the Ptolemaic Greeks of Egypt for more than 150 years. The hieroglyphic religious language in circulation in the temples and demotic language was the language of popular writing and Greek language Greek rulers. He was content to write in praise of Pharaoh Musroanjazath good for the priests and the people of Egypt. And have been written by the priests of public and private reading of senior Egyptian ruling class. Champollion was able to decode the hieroglyphics in 1822 to open the horizons to identify the civilization of the ancient Egyptians and decryption cracking cases and translation sciences after the revival of the language after Muatha across Alkaron.ccant hieroglyphics and Obhaditha taught anyone who wants to study Egyptology. Then evolved hieroglyphic Heratkip then Dimutkip then the Coptic.
The ancient Egyptians to their calendar time since the early stage and was based on Mlahzanhm of the sun and the stars and the sky dates of the Nile flood every year. They were using their calendar to record historical events and festivals and scheduling Narich property decisions. It was the first attempt to make a calendar in 8000 BC. When making stone circles (see: Afbara .ostunhenj) in the corner of the most south-west of Egypt. It was used to observe the stars and their movements. They divided the 24-hour day (12 day and 12 night) and week 10 days month 3 weeks or 30 days. Year and 12 months. It was divided into three chapters each chapter 4 months. The year was equivalent to 360 days. The ancient Egyptians say after 5 days every day of this five-day festival refers to the birth of a god. Pharaonic and this year will be a full 365 days. It is almost close to the solar year now, except for a quarter on the difference in each calendar year did not know the added day every 4 years.
The ancient Egyptians Balgdid of creative works of innovative and stunning the world, whether in embalming (article), music, sculpture, literature, painting, architecture and drama. After days of consolidation every sense religious belief have become formal attributes of pluralism valuable gods and Theology and the environment have an impact on religious thought and worship the ancient Egyptian gods where the human or animal forms, or a combination of them. These forms Jsdwiha ancient Egyptians forces of nature and its elements .otalev myths and stories about gods and their world to understand the complex interactions in the universe around them. Religious belief played a big role in their lives and have had their impact on the arts and the thoughts about life in the Hereafter Baath and the idea of ​​the Resurrection and their relationships Bgamanm. The Art Studio Kalnan bilateral dimensions and drawing on the walls of temples, tombs and coffins of the dead and the coffins of the dead and papyrus. The Egyptian artists Iggsmon personal images Bmlamhaa expressive Ttin rate of time and space in these pictures does not pass across the Klodomn through hieroglyphic drawings that accompany and be part of the wonderful work of art. The statue be placed at the base name or next to it.
The pyramids found expresses Azmaamarh have ancient Egyptians. This huge wild graves have four triangular walls converge at the point of the summit representing the origin of life primitive hill in creation myths or represent the strong sunlight. We have built a pyramid of about 100 as a rest house for their rulers after death. The square shaped temple at the east-west line at sunrise and sunset .okan ancient Egyptians believed that the temple built by humans can be a model suitable for the gods natural environment. Greeks of the ancient Egyptians in sculpture, architecture, philosophy, and theology has benefited (see: Amenhotep). . The ancient Egyptians were masters of stone, metal art works and making normal and stained glass. Revealing exploration of the effects prehistoric era in Egypt since 6000 years BC. The presence of archaeological sites on the southern border with Egypt, Sudan, where it was found at the burial sites and the establishment of Aloebad and celebrations and tombs of cattle which shows the consecrated. The graves were found human handicraft items, weapons and time back to this era, which indicates the existence of the doctrine after death. The doctrine is based on the ancient Egyptian sun represented in the doctrine of Ra and Horus into the Stative. And representatives of the moon in the doctrine of Tut and Khonsu and the earth represented in the doctrine of pocket. The sky goddess Nut and Tefnut Shuo god wind and humidity. And Osiris, Isis, the rulers of the underworld. Most of these gods the myths around them. And became Amon Ra and after the merger are the doctrine of Amun - Ra as king of the gods.
There was a local goddess worship in Egypt, region-specific. The king was the high priest practiced rituals and feasts were performed by priests in ordinary days temples. The ordinary people of Aidechlunha only to serve. The Egyptians are interested in life after death and the living graves and Izinunha Ejehzona pictures and furniture. They were mummified after death care (article) Dead. They were put in coffins and charms and amulets around the mummy. They write texts on magic or cloth on the walls of the cemetery and papyrus to be buried with him. These texts were to protect and guide him in the nether world.
In ancient Egypt, the king is the absolute ruler and spiritual leader and the link between the people and the gods. It was supported by the minister and the administrative body and its priests. Army commander was the king and his commanders and soldiers of the army of foreign mercenaries. Judgment was genetically between children in most of the time except Horemheb (1319 BC), who was the first commander and his successor, Ramses, who was not of royal blood. Rarely was ruled Egypt except Hatshepsut, who ruled in the family 18 after the death of her husband, Tuthmosis II in 1479 BC woman And shared governance with Thutmose III. The Egyptians believed that the King Center and the King divine god. After his death lead him to the rituals remain a god. It was usually nicknamed the owner and the King of the High earths Egypt and Lower Egypt (Delta in the north and the south valley. It was Egypt's economy people dependent on agriculture along the Nile, which was Amadmsr water and various crops such as grains, especially barley, wheat, fruits and vegetables .ommazm agricultural land was the property of the king and the temples. The sweep means of irrigation After the flood recedes. and I have discovered several mummies reserved found all over the world in all continents where follow mummification mummification in all continents. The word mummy origin Persian word ?? meaning tar (Albiotimin bitumen) a description of the black bodies of the ancient Egyptians. This word mummy apply to Every human remains of soft tissue. The embalming may be present in every continent but the way connected to how the ancient Egyptians for this is attributed to them. It was the first study of the mummies were in the 19th century and not just Egyptian mummies rolls of linen cloth damage only by dead bodies. But the way to the presence of permanent homes for life. This way fraudulent death.

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